1. Introduction 简介
Liaoning is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Liaoning is located in the southern part of China's Northeast. Liaoning borders the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Gulf in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin Province to the northeast, Hebei Province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong (Liaoning) and Sinuiju (North Korea).
2. History 1 历史
"Liao" is an ancient name for this region, which was adopted by the Liao Dynasty (Khitan Empire) which ruled this area between 907 and 1125. "Ning" means "peacefulness". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
3. History 2 历史
At the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Liaoning did not exist; instead there were two provinces, Liaodong and Liaoxi, as well as five municipalities, Shenyang, Luda, Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi. These were all merged together into "Liaoning" in 1954, and parts of former Rehe province were merged into Liaoning in 1955. During the Cultural Revolution Liaoning also took in a part of Inner Mongolia, though this was reversed later.
4. History 3 历史
Liaoning was one of the first provinces in China to industrialize, first under Japanese occupation, and then even more in the 1950s and 1960s. The city of Anshan, for example, is home to one of the largest iron and steel complexes in China. In recent years this early focus on heavy industry has become a liability, as many of the large state-run enterprises have experienced economic difficulties. Recognizing the special difficulties faced by Liaoning and other provinces in Northeast China because of their heritage of heavy industry, the Chinese central government recently launched a "Revitalize the Northeast" Campaign.
5. Political Status 行政
The politics of Liaoning is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Liaoning (辽宁省省长) is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Liaoning. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Liaoning Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary (辽宁省委书记), colloquially termed the "Liaoning CPC Party Chief".
6. Environment and Climate 1 环境与气候
Liaoning has a continental monsoon climate, and rainfall averages to about 440 to 1130 mm annually. Summer is rainy while the other seasons are dry. It is possible to think of Liaoning as three approximate geographical regions: the highlands in the west, plains in the middle, and hills in the east.
7. Environment and Climate 2 环境与气候
The highlands in the west are dominated by the Nulu'erhu Mountains, which roughly follow the border between Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. The entire region is dominated by low hills.
8. Environment and Climate 3 环境与气候
The central part of Liaoning consists of the watersheds of rivers such as the Liao, Daliao, and their tributaries. This region is mostly flat and at low altitudes.
9. Environment and Climate 4 环境与气候
The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated by the Changbai Shan and Qianshan ranges, which extends into the sea to form the Liaodong Peninsula. The highest point in Liaoning, Mount Huabozi (1336 m), is found in this region.
10. Cities 1 城市
Liaoning's major cities include: Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, Liaoyang, Fushun, Dandong, Jinzhou and Yingkou.
11. Megalopolis Center 城市带
The Central Liaoning city cluster is a Megalopolis centering at Shenyang (urban population 4 million). Within its 150km radius, it has Anshan (urban population 1.3 million), Fushun (1.3 million), Yingkou (1.1 million), Benxi (0.95 million), Liaoyang (0.7 million), and Tieling (0.4 million).
12. Administrative Divisions 行政
Liaoning is composed of 14 prefecture-level cities:
The sub-province-level cities: Dalian, Shenyang,
The prefecture-level cities: Anshan, Benxi，Chaoyang，Dandong，Fushun，Fuxin，Huludao，Jinzhou，Liaoyang，Panjin，Tieling，Yingkou.
These prefecture-level cities are in turn divided into 100 county-level divisions (17 county-level cities, 19 counties, eight autonomous counties, and 56 districts), which are then further subdivided into 1511 township-level divisions (613 towns, 301 townships, 77 ethnic townships, and 520 subdistricts).
13. Economy 经济
Liaoning has the largest economy of North Eastern China. Its nominal GDP for 2007 was 1.102 trillion yuan making it the 8th largest in China. Its per capita GDP was 25,725 yuan.
14. Agriculture 农业
Main agricultural products of Liaoning include maize, sorghum, and soybeans. The region around Dalian produces three-quarters of China's exported apples and peaches. Cotton is also produced. Liaoning's fruits include apples from Dalian and Yingkou, golden peaches from Dalian, pears from Beizhen of Jinzhou, white pears from Huludao and Suizhong, and apricots and plums from Gushan of Dandong.
15. Mining 矿业
Liaoning has the most iron, magnesite, diamond, and boron deposits among all province-level subdivisions of China. Liaoning is also an important source of petroleum and natural gas. Salt is produced along the coast.
16. Industry 工业
Liaoning is one of China's most important industrial bases, covering a wide range of industries, such as machinery, electronics, metal refining, petroleum, chemical industries, construction materials, coal, and so on. The sea off Dalian abounds with quality seafood, such as abalones, sea cucumbers, scallops, prawns, crabs, and sea urchins. The big fish of Dandong, the jellyfish of Yingkou, and the clams of Panjin are known worldwide for their good tastes right from the sea and in products made in Liaoning for export domestically and internationally.
17. Trade 商业
The cities of Dalian and Yingkou have been developed as major ports and economic gateways to all of northeast China.
18. Culture 文化
Liaoning's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is quite homogeneous across all of the northeastern China. In paleontology, Liaoning is well known for its extraordinary fossils from the Lower Cretaceous period; e.g., the early 'placental' mammal known as Eomaia. The first widely acknowledged feathered dinosaur, Sinosauropteryx prima, was discovered in Liaoning and unveiled at a scientific meeting in 1996. Other notable discoveries have been an intact embryo of a pterosaur, Repenomamus robustus—a cat-sized mammal who ate dinosaurs, and Sinornithosaurus millenii, nicknamed "Dave the Fuzzy Raptor".
19. Paleontology 古生物学
Liaoning contains one of the foremost paleontological sites in the world since the discovery of Sinosauropteryx, a small feathered meat-eating dinosaur, from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation. Since the 1990s dozens of groundbreaking finds have been discovered there, including the earliest flower, placental mammal, and marsupial, as well as several birds and feathered dinosaurs, including one that was found in a sleeping position. These have added further evidence that birds and dinosaurs may be directly related.
20. Education 教育
Colleges and universities, under the national Ministry of Education: Dalian University of Technology, Northeastern University.
Under various other national agencies: China Criminal Police College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian Nationalities University.
Under the provincial government: Anshan University of Science and Technology, Anshan Normal University, Bohai University, China Medical University, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Liaoning Institute of Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Technical University, Liaoning University, Liaoning University of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Chemical Technology, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang University, Shenyang University of Technology.
21. Tourism 1 旅游（图文：http://travel.moonlightchest.com/china_world_heritage/mukden_palace.asp）
The Mukden Palace was the palace of the Qing Dynasty emperors before they conquered the rest of China and moved their capital to Beijing. Though not as large nor as famous as its counterpart (the Forbidden City) in Beijing, the Mukden palace is significant for its representation of palace architecture at the time, and has recently been included on the UNESCO World Heritage Site as an extension of the Imperial Palace site in Beijing.
22. Tourism 2 旅游（图文：http://travel.moonlightchest.com/china_world_heritage/mingxiaoling_imperial_tombs.asp http://travel.moonlightchest.com/china_world_heritage/ming_dynasty_tombs.asp）
In addition, three imperial tombs dating from the Qing Dynasty are located in Liaoning. These tomb sites have been grouped with other Ming and Qing Dynasties tombs (such as the Ming Dynasty Tombs in Beijing, and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing) as a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site.
23. Tourism 3 旅游（图文：http://travel.moonlightchest.com/china_world_heritage/south_china_karst.asp）
Wunu Mountain City, a Goguryeo site found in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, is part of a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site that also includes sites in Ji'an, Jilin.
24. Tourism 4 旅游
Benxi offers a boat ride though a large stalactite filled cave and underground river.
25. Tourism 5 旅游
Anshan boasts the Anshan Jade Buddha, the largest Buddha statue made of jade in the world.
26. Tourism 6 旅游
Liaoyang, one of the oldest continuously-inhabited cities in northeast China, has a number of historical sites, including the White Pagoda (Baita), that dates to the Yuan Dynasty.
27. Tourism 7 旅游
The port city of Dalian, located on the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, is a tourist destination in its own right, with beaches, resorts, zoos, seafood, shopping, Russian- and Japanese-era architecture, and streetcars, a rare sight in China.
28. Tourism 8 旅游
Dandong, on the border with North Korea, is a medium-sized city that offers a cross-river view of the North Korean city of Sinuiju.
29. Tourism 9 旅游
Bijia Mountain is a curious island which joins to the mainland at low tide by a land bridge.
Liaoning is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Liaoning is located in the southern part of China's Northeast. Liaoning borders the Yellow Sea (Korea Bay) and the Bohai Gulf in the south, North Korea in the southeast, Jilin Province to the northeast, Hebei Province to the west, and Inner Mongolia to the northwest. The Yalu River marks the border between North Korea and the Chinese provinces of Jilin and Liaoning. It empties into the Korea Bay between Dandong (Liaoning) and Sinuiju (North Korea).
2. History 1 历史
"Liao" is an ancient name for this region, which was adopted by the Liao Dynasty (Khitan Empire) which ruled this area between 907 and 1125. "Ning" means "peacefulness". The modern province was established in 1907 as Fengtian province (奉天) and the name was changed to Liaoning in 1929. Under the Japanese puppet Manchukuo regime, the province reverted to its 1907 name, but the name Liaoning was restored in 1945.
3. History 2 历史
At the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Liaoning did not exist; instead there were two provinces, Liaodong and Liaoxi, as well as five municipalities, Shenyang, Luda, Anshan, Fushun, and Benxi. These were all merged together into "Liaoning" in 1954, and parts of former Rehe province were merged into Liaoning in 1955. During the Cultural Revolution Liaoning also took in a part of Inner Mongolia, though this was reversed later.
4. History 3 历史
Liaoning was one of the first provinces in China to industrialize, first under Japanese occupation, and then even more in the 1950s and 1960s. The city of Anshan, for example, is home to one of the largest iron and steel complexes in China. In recent years this early focus on heavy industry has become a liability, as many of the large state-run enterprises have experienced economic difficulties. Recognizing the special difficulties faced by Liaoning and other provinces in Northeast China because of their heritage of heavy industry, the Chinese central government recently launched a "Revitalize the Northeast" Campaign.
5. Political Status 行政
The politics of Liaoning is structured in a dual party-government system like all other governing institutions in mainland China. The Governor of Liaoning (辽宁省省长) is the highest ranking official in the People's Government of Liaoning. However, in the province's dual party-government governing system, the Governor has less power than the Liaoning Communist Party of China Provincial Committee Secretary (辽宁省委书记), colloquially termed the "Liaoning CPC Party Chief".
6. Environment and Climate 1 环境与气候
Liaoning has a continental monsoon climate, and rainfall averages to about 440 to 1130 mm annually. Summer is rainy while the other seasons are dry. It is possible to think of Liaoning as three approximate geographical regions: the highlands in the west, plains in the middle, and hills in the east.
7. Environment and Climate 2 环境与气候
The highlands in the west are dominated by the Nulu'erhu Mountains, which roughly follow the border between Liaoning and Inner Mongolia. The entire region is dominated by low hills.
8. Environment and Climate 3 环境与气候
The central part of Liaoning consists of the watersheds of rivers such as the Liao, Daliao, and their tributaries. This region is mostly flat and at low altitudes.
9. Environment and Climate 4 环境与气候
The eastern part of Liaoning is dominated by the Changbai Shan and Qianshan ranges, which extends into the sea to form the Liaodong Peninsula. The highest point in Liaoning, Mount Huabozi (1336 m), is found in this region.
10. Cities 1 城市
Liaoning's major cities include: Shenyang, Dalian, Anshan, Liaoyang, Fushun, Dandong, Jinzhou and Yingkou.
11. Megalopolis Center 城市带
The Central Liaoning city cluster is a Megalopolis centering at Shenyang (urban population 4 million). Within its 150km radius, it has Anshan (urban population 1.3 million), Fushun (1.3 million), Yingkou (1.1 million), Benxi (0.95 million), Liaoyang (0.7 million), and Tieling (0.4 million).
12. Administrative Divisions 行政
Liaoning is composed of 14 prefecture-level cities:
The sub-province-level cities: Dalian, Shenyang,
The prefecture-level cities: Anshan, Benxi，Chaoyang，Dandong，Fushun，Fuxin，Huludao，Jinzhou，Liaoyang，Panjin，Tieling，Yingkou.
These prefecture-level cities are in turn divided into 100 county-level divisions (17 county-level cities, 19 counties, eight autonomous counties, and 56 districts), which are then further subdivided into 1511 township-level divisions (613 towns, 301 townships, 77 ethnic townships, and 520 subdistricts).
13. Economy 经济
Liaoning has the largest economy of North Eastern China. Its nominal GDP for 2007 was 1.102 trillion yuan making it the 8th largest in China. Its per capita GDP was 25,725 yuan.
14. Agriculture 农业
Main agricultural products of Liaoning include maize, sorghum, and soybeans. The region around Dalian produces three-quarters of China's exported apples and peaches. Cotton is also produced. Liaoning's fruits include apples from Dalian and Yingkou, golden peaches from Dalian, pears from Beizhen of Jinzhou, white pears from Huludao and Suizhong, and apricots and plums from Gushan of Dandong.
15. Mining 矿业
Liaoning has the most iron, magnesite, diamond, and boron deposits among all province-level subdivisions of China. Liaoning is also an important source of petroleum and natural gas. Salt is produced along the coast.
16. Industry 工业
Liaoning is one of China's most important industrial bases, covering a wide range of industries, such as machinery, electronics, metal refining, petroleum, chemical industries, construction materials, coal, and so on. The sea off Dalian abounds with quality seafood, such as abalones, sea cucumbers, scallops, prawns, crabs, and sea urchins. The big fish of Dandong, the jellyfish of Yingkou, and the clams of Panjin are known worldwide for their good tastes right from the sea and in products made in Liaoning for export domestically and internationally.
17. Trade 商业
The cities of Dalian and Yingkou have been developed as major ports and economic gateways to all of northeast China.
18. Culture 文化
Liaoning's culture is part of a culture of Northeast China that is quite homogeneous across all of the northeastern China. In paleontology, Liaoning is well known for its extraordinary fossils from the Lower Cretaceous period; e.g., the early 'placental' mammal known as Eomaia. The first widely acknowledged feathered dinosaur, Sinosauropteryx prima, was discovered in Liaoning and unveiled at a scientific meeting in 1996. Other notable discoveries have been an intact embryo of a pterosaur, Repenomamus robustus—a cat-sized mammal who ate dinosaurs, and Sinornithosaurus millenii, nicknamed "Dave the Fuzzy Raptor".
19. Paleontology 古生物学
Liaoning contains one of the foremost paleontological sites in the world since the discovery of Sinosauropteryx, a small feathered meat-eating dinosaur, from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation. Since the 1990s dozens of groundbreaking finds have been discovered there, including the earliest flower, placental mammal, and marsupial, as well as several birds and feathered dinosaurs, including one that was found in a sleeping position. These have added further evidence that birds and dinosaurs may be directly related.
20. Education 教育
Colleges and universities, under the national Ministry of Education: Dalian University of Technology, Northeastern University.
Under various other national agencies: China Criminal Police College, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian Nationalities University.
Under the provincial government: Anshan University of Science and Technology, Anshan Normal University, Bohai University, China Medical University, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian Medical University, Dalian University, Dongbei University of Finance and Economics, Liaoning Institute of Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Liaoning Technical University, Liaoning University, Liaoning University of Petroleum and Chemical Technology, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang Institute of Aeronautical Engineering, Shenyang Institute of Chemical Technology, Shenyang Jianzhu University, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang University, Shenyang University of Technology.
21. Tourism 1 旅游（图文：http://travel.moonlightchest.com/china_world_heritage/mukden_palace.asp）
The Mukden Palace was the palace of the Qing Dynasty emperors before they conquered the rest of China and moved their capital to Beijing. Though not as large nor as famous as its counterpart (the Forbidden City) in Beijing, the Mukden palace is significant for its representation of palace architecture at the time, and has recently been included on the UNESCO World Heritage Site as an extension of the Imperial Palace site in Beijing.
22. Tourism 2 旅游（图文：http://travel.moonlightchest.com/china_world_heritage/mingxiaoling_imperial_tombs.asp http://travel.moonlightchest.com/china_world_heritage/ming_dynasty_tombs.asp）
In addition, three imperial tombs dating from the Qing Dynasty are located in Liaoning. These tomb sites have been grouped with other Ming and Qing Dynasties tombs (such as the Ming Dynasty Tombs in Beijing, and the Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing) as a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site.
23. Tourism 3 旅游（图文：http://travel.moonlightchest.com/china_world_heritage/south_china_karst.asp）
Wunu Mountain City, a Goguryeo site found in Huanren Manchu Autonomous County, is part of a combined UNESCO World Heritage Site that also includes sites in Ji'an, Jilin.
24. Tourism 4 旅游
Benxi offers a boat ride though a large stalactite filled cave and underground river.
25. Tourism 5 旅游
Anshan boasts the Anshan Jade Buddha, the largest Buddha statue made of jade in the world.
26. Tourism 6 旅游
Liaoyang, one of the oldest continuously-inhabited cities in northeast China, has a number of historical sites, including the White Pagoda (Baita), that dates to the Yuan Dynasty.
27. Tourism 7 旅游
The port city of Dalian, located on the tip of the Liaodong Peninsula, is a tourist destination in its own right, with beaches, resorts, zoos, seafood, shopping, Russian- and Japanese-era architecture, and streetcars, a rare sight in China.
28. Tourism 8 旅游
Dandong, on the border with North Korea, is a medium-sized city that offers a cross-river view of the North Korean city of Sinuiju.
29. Tourism 9 旅游
Bijia Mountain is a curious island which joins to the mainland at low tide by a land bridge.
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